Tandem Prepositions

(Under Development)

This category is for senses that establish some sort of relationship between the complement and the point of attachment (governor) or the complement and another sentence element, but do not fall into some more specific category. The category is called “tandem” because a relationship is established, via the prepositional phrase, between two things. Many different kinds of relationships are denoted by prepositions in this category, but in general they have less to do with the preposition in question, and more to do with the governor which accepts only that preposition. This set of senses is discussed in various places in Quirk et al. The subcategories describe the major types of relationships, identifying the nature of the complements, the contribution of the preposition, and something about the governor. (See Preposition Classes for how this class relates to other classes. For the supersenses (unlexicalized categores for prepositions), see PrepWiki; the PDEP database is being kept synchronized with this project, as they are assigned to TPP senses.)

Category Types

Since Tandem prepositions establish some sort of relationship between two entities, the initial subcategorization will be based on grouping those which establish similar relationsm including:

CoParticipants: the complement is a coparticipant with, accompanier of, or supplement to the governor, 'mongst (3(3)) (sharing or occurring in), 'mongst (4(4)) (division governor), along with (1(1)), alongside (2(1a)), among (3(3)) (sharing or occurring in), among (4(4)) (division governor), between (4(4)) (relationship governor), between (8(5)) (parties combining resources), between (9(5a)) (sharers), betwixt (4(4)) (relationship governor), betwixt (8(5)) (parties combining resources), betwixt (9(5a)) (sharers), cum (1(1)) (dual role), in bed with (1(1)) (party copulating), in bed with (2(1a)) (undesirable close association), in company with (1(1)), opposite (2(2)) (costar), plus (2(1a)), to (9(4)) (governor identifies the relation), together with (1(1)), unto (6(n)) (governor identifies the relation), with (1(1))
Opponent: the complement is a coparticipant with the governor, but in an opposing role, 'gainst (1(1)) (opponent), 'gainst (2(1a)) (governor suggests legal action), 'gainst (3(1b)) (competitor), 'gainst (5(2a)) ((in betting) thing dominating), 'gainst (6(2b)) (thing resisted), against (1(1)) (opponent), against (2(1a)) (governor suggests legal action), against (3(1b)) (competitor), against (5(2a)) ((in betting) thing dominating), against (6(2b)) (thing resisted), agin (1(1)) (opponent), agin (2(1a)) (governor suggests legal action), agin (3(1b)) (competitor), agin (5(2a)) ((in betting) thing dominating), agin (6(2b)) (thing resisted), anti (1(1)), athwart (2(2)) (thing opposed), between (5(4a)) (antagonists), betwixt (5(4a)) (antagonists), thwart (2(2)) (thing opposed), versus (1(1)) (opponent), with (6(4)) (opponent)
Fulfillment of the Governor: the complement completes the governor, 'gainst (7(2c)) (collateral), against (7(2c)) (collateral), agin (7(2c)) (collateral), for (9(8)) (exchange), in consideration of (1(1)) (exchange), in need of (1(1)) (thing needed), o' (12(6a)) (object of verb), of (12(6a)) (object of verb), on top of (3(2)) (thing mastered), o'er (6(2b)) (thing controlled), over (6(2b)) (thing controlled), to (10(4a)) (governor identifies relationship between complement and other element), unto (7(n)) (governor identifies relationship between complement and other element)

End State: the complement identifies the result, consequence, or end state expressed by the governor, down (6(n)) ('the drain' or similar), in peril of (1(1)) (threat), into (6(6)) (state, condition, or form), into (7(7)) (result), near (3(3)) (condition approached), near to (3(3)) (condition approached), nigh (3(3)) (condition approached), on pain of (1(1)) (penalty), to (5(2)) (an emotional condition), to (6(2a)) (result of an action or process), to (7(2b)) (a person's resultant reaction), under pain of (1(1)) (penalty), under sentence of (1(1)) (penalty), unto (4(n)) (end state), unto (5(n)) (condition resulting)

Selection Criteria

References

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman: New York.

Comments to: Ken Litkowski Modified: February 14 2020 18:52:25.

PDEP Tandem Class (72 senses)
Preposition	Sense	Subclass	Srtype	Supersense	Classed	Count	Pct	NF
\'gainst	1(1)	Opponent	Opponent		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
\'gainst	2(1a)	Opponent	LegalAction	Beneficiary	Yes	1	100.0	0.19
\'gainst	3(1b)	Opponent	Contestant	Co-Agent	Yes	0	100.0	0.19
\'gainst	5(2a)	Opponent	ThingDominating		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
\'gainst	6(2b)	Opponent	ThingResisted		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
\'gainst	7(2c)	Fulfillment	Collateral		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
\'mongst	3(3)	CoParticipants	Participants	Locus	Yes	1	100.0	0.19
\'mongst	4(4)	CoParticipants	Coparticipants		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
against	1(1)	Opponent	Opponent		Yes	100	100.0	2143.56
against	2(1a)	Opponent	LegalAction	Beneficiary	Yes	43	100.0	921.73
against	3(1b)	Opponent	Contestant	Co-Agent	Yes	19	100.0	407.28
against	5(2a)	Opponent	ThingDominating		Yes	3	100.0	64.31
against	6(2b)	Opponent	ThingResisted		Yes	26	100.0	557.32
against	7(2c)	Fulfillment	Collateral		Yes	5	100.0	107.18
agin	1(1)	Opponent	Opponent		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
agin	2(1a)	Opponent	LegalAction	Beneficiary	Yes	0	100.0	0.19
agin	3(1b)	Opponent	Contestant	Co-Agent	Yes	0	100.0	0.19
agin	5(2a)	Opponent	ThingDominating		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
agin	6(2b)	Opponent	ThingResisted		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
agin	7(2c)	Fulfillment	Collateral		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
along with	1(1)	CoParticipants	Accompanier	Accompanier	Yes	221	100.0	382.39
alongside	2(1a)	CoParticipants	CoParticipant		Yes	105	100.0	122.08
among	3(3)	CoParticipants	Participants	Locus	Yes	107	100.0	1256.04
among	4(4)	CoParticipants	Coparticipants		Yes	20	100.0	234.77
anti	1(1)	Opponent	Opponent		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
athwart	2(2)	Opponent	Contraindicator		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
between	4(4)	CoParticipants	Coparticipants	Co-Agent,Co-Theme	Yes	69	100.0	3013.65
between	5(4a)	Opponent	Antagonists	Co-Agent,Co-Theme,Co-Patient	Yes	52	100.0	2271.16
between	8(5)	CoParticipants	PartiesJoined		Yes	10	100.0	436.76
between	9(5a)	CoParticipants	PartiesJoined		Yes	10	100.0	436.76
betwixt	4(4)	CoParticipants	Coparticipants	Co-Agent,Co-Theme,Co-Patient	Yes	4	100.0	0.74
betwixt	5(4a)	Opponent	Antagonists	Co-Agent,Co-Theme,Co-Patient	Yes	0	100.0	0.19
betwixt	8(5)	CoParticipants	PartiesJoined		Yes	1	100.0	0.19
betwixt	9(5a)	CoParticipants	PartiesJoined		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
cum	1(1)	CoParticipants	DualRole		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
down	6(n)	Fulfillment:EndState	EndState		Yes	7	100.0	10.21
for	9(8)	Fulfillment	ThingExchanged	Co-Theme,Theme	Yes	15	100.0	2384.74
in bed with	1(1)	CoParticipants	PartyCopulating		Yes	14	100.0	2.60
in bed with	2(1a)	CoParticipants	PartyDisfavored		Yes	2	100.0	0.37
in company with	1(1)	CoParticipants	Accompanier		Yes	55	100.0	10.20
in consideration of	1(1)	Fulfillment	ThingExchanged		Yes	39	100.0	7.23
in need of	1(1)	Fulfillment	ThingNeeded	State	Yes	250	100.0	71.97
in peril of	1(1)	Fulfillment:EndState	Threat		Yes	2	100.0	0.37
into	6(6)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionResulting	EndState	Yes	121	100.0	3186.06
into	7(7)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionResulting	EndState	Yes	88	100.0	2317.14
near	3(3)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionApproached	State	Yes	4	100.0	21.35
near to	3(3)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionApproached		Yes	62	100.0	16.38
nigh	3(3)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionApproached		Yes	5	100.0	0.93
o\'	12(6a)	Fulfillment	ObjectOfGovernor		Yes	0	100.0	0.00
o\'er	6(2b)	Fulfillment	ThingControlled	Patient	Yes	6	100.0	0.03
of	12(6a)	Fulfillment	ObjectOfGovernor	Patient,Theme	Yes	80	100.0	19785.91
on pain of	1(1)	Fulfillment:EndState	Penalty		Yes	43	100.0	7.98
on top of	3(2)	Fulfillment	ThingMastered		Yes	22	100.0	10.28
opposite	2(2)	CoParticipants	Costar		Yes	20	100.0	4.48
over	6(2b)	Fulfillment	ThingControlled	Patient	Yes	78	100.0	1007.41
plus	2(1a)	CoParticipants	ThingAdditional	Accompanier	Yes	157	100.0	294.02
thwart	2(2)	Opponent	Contraindicator		Yes	0	100.0	0.19
to	10(4a)	Fulfillment	Aspect		Yes	81	100.0	10577.59
to	5(2)	Fulfillment:EndState	Condition	EndState,State	Yes	28	100.0	3656.45
to	6(2a)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionResulting	EndState	Yes	52	100.0	6790.55
to	7(2b)	Fulfillment:EndState	Reaction	EndState	Yes	2	100.0	261.17
to	9(4)	CoParticipants	CoParticipant	Co-Theme,ProfessionalAspect	Yes	7	100.0	914.11
together with	1(1)	CoParticipants	Accompanier	Accompanier	Yes	225	100.0	561.10
under pain of	1(1)	Fulfillment:EndState	Penalty		Yes	4	100.0	0.74
under sentence of	1(1)	Fulfillment:EndState	Penalty		Yes	15	100.0	2.78
unto	4(n)	Fulfillment:EndState	EndState		Yes	20	100.0	3.71
unto	5(n)	Fulfillment:EndState	ConditionResulting		Yes	1	100.0	0.19
unto	6(n)	CoParticipants	CoParticipant		Yes	1	100.0	0.19
unto	7(n)	Fulfillment	Aspect		Yes	1	100.0	0.19
versus	1(1)	Opponent	Contestant		Yes	81	100.0	38.22
with	1(1)	CoParticipants	Accompanier	Accompanier,Co-Participant	Yes	132	100.0	10435.08
with	6(4)	Opponent	Opponent	Co-Agent	Yes	17	100.0	1343.91
Total							76085.36