Litkowski, Kenneth C. (2009, April). Analysis of Preposition Classes, Technical Report 09-01. Damascus, MD: CL Research (pdf)
Litkowski, Kenneth C. and Hargraves, Orin. (2007, June). SemEval-2007 Task 06: Word-Sense Disambiguation of Prepositions, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007). Prague, Czech Republic, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 24-9. (pdf)
Navigli, Roberto and Litkowski, Kenneth C. and Hargraves, Orin. (2007, June). SemEval-2007 Task 07: Coarse-Grained English All-Words Task, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007). Prague, Czech Republic, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 30-5. (pdf)
Litkowski, Kenneth C. (2007, June). CLR: Integration of FrameNet in a Text Representation System, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007). Prague, Czech Republic, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 113-6. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2006, April). Componential Analysis for Recognizing
Textual Entailment, The Second PASCAL Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge,
in Proceedings of the Challenges Workshop. Venice, Italy, pp. 110-5. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. and O. Hargraves. (2006, April). Coverage and Inheritance
in The Preposition Project, Proceedings of the Third ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on
Prepositions, European Association for Computational Linguistics. Trento,
Italy. (pdf) (slides)
Litkowski, K. C. (2005) "Computational Lexicons and
Dictionaries", Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.).
Elsevier Publishers, Oxford. (doc)
Litkowski, K. C. and O. Hargraves (2005, April) "The Preposition
Project", Proceedings of the Second ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on The Linguistic
Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics
Formalisms and Applications, April 19-21, Colchester, England: University of
Essex (pdf) (slides)
Litkowski, K. C. (2004, July) "Senseval-3 Task: Automatic Labeling of
Semantic Roles", Proceedings of Senseval-3: The Third International
Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text,
Association for Computational Linguistics: Barcelona, Spain, pp. 9-12. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2004, July) "Senseval-3 Task: Word Sense
Disambiguation of WordNet Glosses", Proceedings of Senseval-3: The Third
International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis
of Text, Association for Computational Linguistics: Barcelona, Spain, pp.
13-16. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2004, July) " Explorations in Disambiguation Using
XML Text Representation", Proceedings of Senseval-3: The Third
International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis
of Text, Association for Computational Linguistics: Barcelona, Spain, pp.
141-146. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2002) "Sense Information for Disambiguation:
Confluence of Supervised and Unsupervised Methods", Proceedings of the
Asscociation for Computational Linguistics Special Interest Group on the
Lexicon, July 11, Philadelphia, PA (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2002) "Digraph Analysis of Dictionary Preposition
Definitions", Proceedings of the Asscociation for Computational
Linguistics Special Interest Group on the Lexicon, July 11, Philadelphia, PA
(pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2001) "SENSEVAL Word-Sense Disambiguation Using a
Different Sense Inventory and Mapping to WordNet", Technical Report 01-01.
Damascus, MD: CL Research (wpd)
(ps)
Litkowski, K. C. (1998) " Analysis of
Subordinating Conjunctions," Technical Report 98-01. Gaithersburg, MD:
CL Research. This paper describes ongoing analysis of the definitions of
subordinating conjunctions in Webster's Third International Dictionary
in development of a lexical knowledge base for these lexical items. We describe
(1) procedures used to move toward identification of the primitives of
subordinating conjunctions using digraph analysis and (2) a preliminary
analysis of the syntactic and semantic structure of subordinating conjunctions,
synthesizing (a) a WordNet analysis of key words used in subordinating
conjunction definitions, (b) observations about subordinating conjunctions in
Quirk et al. (c) the work of Ken Barker ("Interactive semantic analysis of
clause-level relationships"), and (d) the work of Alistair Knott ("A
data-driven method for classifying connective phrases," Journal of
Language and Speech, 39 (1996)); and (4) a brief overview of the next stages of
the analysis (which are under way). Any comments, criticisms, and suggestions
are welcome, as are any offers of assistance for characterizing appropriate
features to be assigned to the lexical entries.
Litkowski, K. C. (1997) "Automatic Creation of Lexical Knowledge
Bases: New Developments in Computational Lexicology", Technical Report
97-03. Gaithersburg, MD: CL Research. WordPerfect 6.0a (88k),
Postscript (202k)
Litkowski, K. C. (1997) "Desiderata for Tagging with WordNet Synsets
and MCCA Categories", Proceedings of the 4th SIGLEX Workshop on Tagging
Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?, April 1997, Washington, DC.
WordPerfect 6.0a (35k),
Postscript (167k),
Word 97 (74k).
Litkowski, K. C. and M. D. Harris (1997) "Category Development Using
Complete Semantic Networks", Technical Report 97-01. Gaithersburg, MD: CL
Research. WordPerfect 6.0a (43k),
Postscript (194k)
Litkowski, K. C. (1980) "Requirements of Text
Processing Lexicons", Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, PA (Expanded Paper)
Litkowski, K. C. (1978) " Models
of the Semantic Structure of Dictionaries," American Journal of
Computational Linguistics, Microfiche 81, Frames 25-74. This paper
describes the philosophy underlying the development of the DIMAP toolkit. The
procedures for analyzing dictionary definitions are as valid today as when they
were first written. Current developments in WordNet, Microsoft's MindNet, and
Caroline Barrière's analysis of a children's dictionary were prefigured
here. The paper particularly focuses on the meanings of verbs and provides a
framework for using dictionaries to formalize the semantic characteristics
described in Levin's verb classes. The DIMAP toolkit currently implements Rules
1, 2, 3, and 4b and rudimentary pattern matching in definitions, as described
in the paper.
Litkowski, K. C. (2006, forthcoming) Exploring Document Content with XML to
Answer Questions, in Voorhees, E. M. and Buckland, L. P. (eds) Information
Technology: The Fourteenth Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC 2004), NIST
Special Publication xxx-xxx. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards
and Technology. (pdf) (slides)
Litkowski, K. C. (2005) "Evolving XML and Dictionary Strategies for
Question Answering and Novelty Tasks", in Voorhees, E. M. and Buckland, L.
P. (eds) Information Technology: The Thirteenth Text REtrieval Conferenence
(TREC 2004), NIST Special Publication 500-261. Gaithersburg, MD: National
Institute of Standards and Technology. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2004) "Use of Metadata for Question Answering and
Novelty Tasks", in Voorhees, E. M. and Buckland, L. P. (eds)
Information Technology: The Twelth Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC
2003), NIST Special Publication 500-255. Gaithersburg, MD: National
Institute of Standards and Technology, pp. 161-170. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2003) "Question Answering with XML-Tagged
Documents", in Voorhees, E. M. and Harman, D. K. (eds) Information
Technology: The Eleventh Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC 2002), NIST
Special Publication 500-251. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards
and Technology, pp. 156-165. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2002) "CL Research Experiments in TREC-10 Question
Answering", in Voorhees, E. M. and Harman, D. K. (eds) Information
Technology: The Tenth Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC 2001), NIST Special
Publication 500-250. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and
Technology, pp. 122-31. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2001) "Syntactic Clues and Lexical Resources in
Question-Answering", in Voorhees, E. M. and Harman, D. K. (eds)
Information Technology: The Ninth Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC-9),
NIST Special Publication 500-249. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of
Standards and Technology, pp. 157-66. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2000) "Question-Answering Using Semantic
Relation Triples", in Voorhees, E. M. and Harman, D. K. (eds)
Information Technology: The Eighth Text REtrieval Conferenence (TREC-8),
NIST Special Publication 500-246. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of
Standards and Technology, pp. 349-56. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2006) "CL Research Summarization in DUC 2006: An
Easier Task, An Easier Method?," in Proceedings of the Document
Understanding Workshop at the HLT/NAACL Annual Meeting, Brooklyn, New York.
(pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2005) "Evolving XML Summarization Strategies in DUC
2005", in Proceedings of the Document Understanding Workshop at the
HLT/NAACL Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2004) "Summarization Experiments in DUC 2004",
Presented at the HLT/NAACL Annual Meeting, Boston, MA (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (2003) "Text Summarization Using XML-Tagged
Documents", Presented at the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference
Workshop on Text Summarization, Edmonton, Canada. (pdf)
Litkowski, K. C. (1997) "Category Development Based on Semantic
Principles", Social Science Computing Review,
15: 394-409. WordPerfect
6.0a (62k), Word for Windows 6.0
(65k). (See also modified web version, as above.)
McTavish, D. G., K. C. Litkowski, and S. Schrader, "A Computer Content
Analysis Approach to Measuring Social Distance in Residential Organizations for
Older People", Paper presented at the Conference of the Society for
Conceptual and Content Analysis by Computer, Mannheim, Germany, September
1995. WordPerfect (59k),
Postscript (128k).
Litkowski, K. C. (2009) "Review of Hans C. Boas (ed.). Multilingual FrameNets in Computational Lexicography: Methods and Applications., International Journal of Lexicography (html) (pdf).
Litkowski, K. C. (2001) "Review of Lexicon Development for Speech
and Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, 27(3), pp. 457-8. (pdf)
